Wu Zetian vs Yelu Abaoji

Wu Zetian was elevated from concubine to empress consort of Emperor Gaozong of Tang in 655. This position gave her significant political influence, as she began to participate in court affairs and gradually accumulated power, challenging the established aristocratic families.

After Emperor Gaozong's death in 683, Wu Zetian became regent for her son, Emperor Zhongzong. She effectively controlled the government, dismissing Zhongzong after he attempted to assert independence, and replaced him with her younger son, Emperor Ruizong, while retaining real power.

Wu Zetian proclaimed herself emperor, founding the Zhou dynasty and becoming the only female emperor in Chinese history. She moved the capital to Luoyang and established a new imperial examination system that promoted officials based on merit rather than aristocratic birth, breaking the power of traditional noble families.

Wu Zetian ordered military campaigns that reasserted Chinese control over the Western Regions, including the Tarim Basin and parts of modern Xinjiang. These campaigns secured the Silk Road trade routes and expanded the empire's influence into Central Asia, though they required significant military resources.

Wu Zetian elevated Buddhism to a state-supported religion, commissioning the construction of temples and statues, including the Longmen Grottoes' giant Vairocana Buddha. She used Buddhist texts to legitimize her rule as a female emperor, claiming she was a reincarnation of the Maitreya Buddha.

In 705, a coup led by court officials and generals forced Wu Zetian to abdicate in favor of her son, Emperor Zhongzong, restoring the Tang dynasty. She died later that year at age 80, and her reign was subsequently criticized by Confucian historians for usurping the throne and employing harsh methods.

Yelu Abaoji was elected khagan of the Khitan tribes, unifying them under his leadership. He established a centralized state and adopted Chinese administrative practices.

Yelu Abaoji proclaimed himself emperor, founding the Liao dynasty. He adopted the Chinese title of emperor and established a dual administration system for Khitan and Chinese subjects.

Yelu Abaoji ordered the creation of a writing system for the Khitan language, based on Chinese characters. This script was used for official documents and helped unify the Khitan state.

Yelu Abaoji led a campaign that conquered the Korean kingdom of Bohai, incorporating its territory into the Liao empire. This expanded Liao's influence into Manchuria and Korea.

Yelu Abaoji died while returning from the conquest of Bohai. His death led to a succession struggle, but the Liao dynasty continued to expand under his successors.