Nissanka Malla vs Otto IV

Upon ascending the throne, Nissanka Malla claimed to be a pure Buddhist king, despite his Kalinga (Indian) origin. He emphasized his adherence to Buddhist principles and sought to legitimize his rule.

Nissanka Malla built the Nissanka Latha Mandapaya in Polonnaruwa, a unique stone structure with a lotus-shaped roof. It was used for reciting Buddhist scriptures.

Nissanka Malla built the Hatadage, a relic house in Polonnaruwa, to house the Tooth Relic of the Buddha. The structure was built in a single day, according to inscriptions.

Nissanka Malla commissioned the Gal Pota (Stone Book) inscription at Polonnaruwa. The inscription, carved on a large stone slab, details his reign, achievements, and claims to be a pure Buddhist king.

Otto IV was elected King of Germany in June 1198 by Welf supporters, opposing Philip of Swabia. His election sparked a civil war with the Hohenstaufen faction that lasted a decade.

Pope Innocent III crowned Otto IV Holy Roman Emperor in Rome on October 4, 1209, after Otto promised to respect papal territories. The coronation ended the civil war and made Otto the sole ruler.

Pope Innocent III excommunicated Otto IV in 1210 after Otto invaded the Kingdom of Sicily, violating his promises. The exclamation led to the election of Frederick II as rival king and Otto's decline.

Otto IV was decisively defeated by King Philip II of France at the Battle of Bouvines on July 27, 1214. This defeat ended Otto's imperial ambitions and led to his loss of the German throne to Frederick II.