Lykurgos of Sparta vs Shang Yang

Lykurgos established the Great Rhetra, a foundational constitution for Sparta. It created the dual kingship, the Gerousia (council of elders), and the Apella (assembly), forming the basis of the Spartan mixed government.

Lykurgos is credited with creating the agoge, the rigorous state-sponsored education and training system for Spartan boys. This system emphasized discipline, military prowess, and loyalty to the state, defining Spartan society for centuries.

Lykurgos replaced gold and silver currency with heavy iron bars to discourage trade and luxury. He also instituted common messes (syssitia), requiring all male citizens to dine together, fostering equality and military bonding.

Shang Yang implemented his first set of Legalist reforms in the Qin state, including the abolition of aristocratic privileges, promotion of agriculture and military merit, and the introduction of a strict legal code. These reforms centralized power and increased state efficiency.

Shang Yang introduced further reforms, including the reorganization of the state into administrative counties, standardization of weights and measures, and the promotion of collective responsibility. These measures strengthened Qin's military and bureaucratic capacity.

Shang Yang led a Qin army to victory against the Wei state at the Battle of Anyi. The victory captured the Wei capital and forced Wei to cede territory, significantly expanding Qin's power and demonstrating the effectiveness of his military reforms.

After the death of Duke Xiao of Qin, Shang Yang was accused of treason by the new ruler, King Huiwen. He attempted to flee but was captured and executed by dismemberment (chariot tearing). His family was also executed, ending his influence.