King Hyojong of Joseon vs Mongkut

King Hyojong initiated a plan to launch a military campaign against the Qing dynasty to avenge the fall of the Ming and Joseon's subjugation. He expanded the army and fortified northern defenses, but the expedition was never carried out due to his death and lack of support.

Hyojong's reign was marked by ongoing factional struggles between the Westerners and Southerners factions at court. These conflicts hindered his ability to implement reforms and pursue his northern expedition plans, contributing to political instability.

Mongkut engaged in extensive correspondence with Western leaders, including President James Buchanan and Pope Pius IX, and with missionaries and scholars. He sought to learn about Western science, technology, and governance.

As a former monk, Mongkut reformed Buddhist monastic education by emphasizing Pali studies and scriptural accuracy. He founded the Dhammayuttika Nikaya order, which focused on strict adherence to Buddhist teachings.

Mongkut employed Western advisors, including Anna Leonowens, to teach his children and assist in modernizing the court. He also hired European experts to help with military, legal, and administrative reforms.

King Mongkut signed the Bowring Treaty with Britain, opening Siam to free trade and granting extraterritorial rights to British subjects. This treaty ended Siam's isolation and set a precedent for relations with other Western powers.