Jacqueline of Hainaut vs Toghon Temur

Upon the death of her father, William II of Bavaria, Jacqueline inherited the counties of Holland, Zeeland, and Hainaut. As a female ruler, her succession was contested by her uncle John of Bavaria, initiating the Hook and Cod wars.

Jacqueline married John IV of Brabant to secure an alliance against her uncle John of Bavaria. The marriage proved politically disastrous as John IV proved weak and later abandoned her claims, leading to further conflict.

After her marriage to John IV collapsed, Jacqueline fled to England and married Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, a brother of King Henry V. This alliance brought English military support to her cause in the Low Countries.

Jacqueline was captured by forces of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who had taken over the war against her. She was imprisoned in Ghent, effectively ending her ability to rule independently.

Under duress, Jacqueline signed the Treaty of Delft, recognizing Philip the Good as regent of her lands. She retained the title of Countess but lost all effective power, marking the end of Wittelsbach rule in Holland and Hainaut.

Toghon Temur was enthroned as Emperor of the Yuan dynasty at age 13, following the death of his predecessor and the fall of the El Temur regency. His reign would be the last of the Yuan dynasty in China.

Toghon Temur, with support from Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, orchestrated a coup that removed the powerful chancellor Bayan from power. This restored imperial authority and reversed Bayan's anti-Chinese policies.

Widespread rebellions, known as the Red Turban Rebellion, erupted across southern China against Yuan rule. Toghon Temur's government struggled to suppress the revolts, which were fueled by famine, corruption, and ethnic tensions.

As Ming forces under Zhu Yuanzhang approached Dadu (Beijing), Toghon Temur fled north to Shangdu, the Yuan summer capital. This marked the end of Mongol rule over China proper and the beginning of the Northern Yuan dynasty.

Toghon Temur died in Yingchang, a Mongol stronghold in Inner Mongolia, two years after fleeing China. His death left the Northern Yuan dynasty in a weakened state, unable to reclaim the lost territories.