Desiderius vs Toghon Temur

Desiderius initially allied with Pope Stephen II, supporting the Papacy against the Lombard dukes of Spoleto and Benevento. This alliance helped secure his position as king, but later conflicts with the Papacy led to his downfall.

Desiderius invaded the Papal States, capturing several cities and threatening Rome. This aggression prompted Pope Adrian I to appeal to Charlemagne for aid, leading to the Frankish invasion of Italy and Desiderius's eventual defeat.

Charlemagne besieged Desiderius in Pavia, the Lombard capital. After a nine-month siege, Desiderius surrendered, ending Lombard independence. He was captured and exiled to a Frankish monastery, marking the end of the Lombard Kingdom.

After his surrender, Desiderius was exiled to the Abbey of Corbie in Francia. He spent the remainder of his life there as a monk, dying in obscurity. His exile symbolized the complete subjugation of the Lombards by the Franks.

Toghon Temur was enthroned as Emperor of the Yuan dynasty at age 13, following the death of his predecessor and the fall of the El Temur regency. His reign would be the last of the Yuan dynasty in China.

Toghon Temur, with support from Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, orchestrated a coup that removed the powerful chancellor Bayan from power. This restored imperial authority and reversed Bayan's anti-Chinese policies.

Widespread rebellions, known as the Red Turban Rebellion, erupted across southern China against Yuan rule. Toghon Temur's government struggled to suppress the revolts, which were fueled by famine, corruption, and ethnic tensions.

As Ming forces under Zhu Yuanzhang approached Dadu (Beijing), Toghon Temur fled north to Shangdu, the Yuan summer capital. This marked the end of Mongol rule over China proper and the beginning of the Northern Yuan dynasty.

Toghon Temur died in Yingchang, a Mongol stronghold in Inner Mongolia, two years after fleeing China. His death left the Northern Yuan dynasty in a weakened state, unable to reclaim the lost territories.