Ivan the Terrible vs Sawai Ram Singh II

Ivan IV was crowned as the first Tsar of All Russia, adopting the title of Caesar. This coronation asserted Russia's independence from Mongol influence and claimed imperial status. It marked the beginning of centralized autocratic rule in Russia.

Ivan IV led a Russian army to conquer the Khanate of Kazan, ending Tatar rule in the Volga region. The siege lasted several weeks and resulted in the annexation of the khanate. This victory opened the way for Russian expansion into Siberia and the Caspian region.

Ivan IV launched a war against the Livonian Confederation to gain access to the Baltic Sea. The war lasted 25 years and involved Poland-Lithuania, Sweden, and Denmark. It ended in Russian defeat, with Ivan failing to secure a Baltic port.

Ivan IV created the Oprichnina, a separate territory and state apparatus under his direct control. He used the Oprichniki, a corps of secret police, to eliminate his political opponents. This policy led to widespread terror, executions, and confiscation of lands.

Ivan IV led the Oprichniki in a brutal campaign against the city of Novgorod, suspected of treason. Thousands of inhabitants were killed, and the city was looted and destroyed. This massacre broke the power of Novgorod and terrorized the Russian population.

Ivan IV struck and killed his eldest son and heir, Ivan Ivanovich, during an argument. The tsarevich died from his injuries days later. This event left Russia without a capable successor and contributed to the Time of Troubles after Ivan's death.

Sawai Ram Singh II built the Ram Niwas Garden in Jaipur, a public park with fountains, a museum, and a zoo. The garden was designed as a recreational space for the public. It became a popular landmark in the city.

Sawai Ram Singh II implemented modern reforms in Jaipur, including the establishment of a municipal council, a police force, and a postal system. He also promoted education and infrastructure development. These reforms modernized the administration of the princely state.

Sawai Ram Singh II supported the establishment of Mayo College in Ajmer, a school for the sons of Indian princes. The college was modeled on British public schools and aimed to modernize education for royalty. It became a prestigious institution.

Sawai Ram Singh II ordered the painting of Jaipur's buildings in pink to welcome the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII. The pink color symbolized hospitality and became the city's trademark. Jaipur earned the nickname 'Pink City' from this event.