Haakon VII of Norway vs Hans-Adam II

Following the dissolution of the union with Sweden, the Norwegian parliament elected Prince Carl of Denmark as King Haakon VII. He accepted the throne after a referendum confirmed the monarchy. This established the modern, independent Kingdom of Norway with a constitutional monarch.

After the German invasion of Norway, Nazi Germany demanded that Haakon VII appoint Vidkun Quisling as prime minister. Haakon VII refused, stating he would abdicate rather than accept a government led by Quisling. This act of defiance made him a symbol of Norwegian resistance.

Haakon VII fled Norway after the German invasion and established a government-in-exile in London. He became a central figure in the Allied war effort, broadcasting radio messages to occupied Norway and maintaining the legitimacy of the Norwegian state throughout World War II.

Haakon VII returned to Norway on June 7, 1945, exactly five years after he had fled. His return was a moment of national celebration and unity. He was greeted by massive crowds, symbolizing the restoration of Norwegian sovereignty and the end of the Nazi occupation.

Hans-Adam II became Prince of Liechtenstein upon the death of his father, Franz Joseph II. He inherited a constitutional monarchy with significant powers, which he would later seek to expand through constitutional reforms.

Under Hans-Adam II's reign, Liechtenstein became a member of the United Nations, ending its long-standing policy of neutrality in international organizations. This move increased the principality's global diplomatic engagement.

Hans-Adam II threatened to relocate the princely family to Vienna if the government did not grant him more powers. This ultimatum led to negotiations that eventually resulted in the 2003 constitutional reforms, highlighting tensions between the prince and the elected government.

Hans-Adam II oversaw Liechtenstein's accession to the European Economic Area, integrating the principality into the EU's single market while maintaining its customs union with Switzerland. This decision boosted the economy but required compromises on sovereignty.

Hans-Adam II pushed through a constitutional referendum that granted the prince sweeping powers, including the ability to veto legislation, dismiss the government, and appoint judges. The reform passed with 64% voter approval, centralizing authority in the monarchy.