Ferdinand III vs Mwambutsa IV

As Ferdinand III was not yet emperor, this event is misattributed. Actually, Ferdinand III succeeded his father Ferdinand II in 1637. He did not issue the Edict of Restitution; that was his father's act. Correction: Ferdinand III's reign saw the continuation of the Thirty Years' War and the eventual peace negotiations.

Ferdinand III, then King of Hungary and Bohemia, commanded imperial and Spanish forces to a decisive victory over the Swedish army at N

Ferdinand III, as Holy Roman Emperor, concluded the Peace of Westphalia with France and Sweden, ending the Thirty Years' War. The treaties recognized the sovereignty of over 300 German states, weakened imperial authority, and established a new European order based on state sovereignty.

Mwambutsa IV was the reigning mwami when Burundi gained independence from Belgian colonial rule on July 1, 1962. He became the constitutional monarch of the newly independent Kingdom of Burundi, with a government led by a prime minister under a parliamentary system.

Mwambutsa IV attempted to balance power between Hutu and Tutsi political factions in the post-independence government. He appointed both Hutu and Tutsi prime ministers, but ethnic violence erupted in 1965 after a failed Hutu coup attempt, leading to reprisals and deepening divisions.

Following a military coup led by Tutsi officers, Mwambutsa IV was deposed and fled into exile in Switzerland. The coup abolished the monarchy and established a republic, ending the Ganwa dynasty's rule. Mwambutsa IV never returned to Burundi, dying in exile in 1977.