Charles X of France vs Reza Shah Pahlavi

Charles X was crowned at Reims Cathedral in a lavish ceremony that revived medieval traditions, including the use of the Holy Ampulla. The coronation emphasized divine right and traditionalist Catholicism, signaling his rejection of the constitutional principles of the Charter of 1814.

Charles X ordered a military expedition to invade Algiers, aiming to boost his popularity and distract from domestic unrest. The French captured Algiers in July 1830, beginning the colonization of Algeria. The victory came too late to save his throne, as the July Revolution erupted simultaneously.

Charles X issued the July Ordinances, dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, restricting press freedom, and altering the electoral system. This sparked three days of street fighting in Paris (July 27-29, 1830). The revolution forced Charles to abdicate and flee to England, ending the Bourbon Restoration.

On July 25, 1830, Charles X signed four ordinances that suspended the press, dissolved the newly elected Chamber, changed the electoral system to favor the aristocracy, and called for new elections. These authoritarian decrees directly triggered the July Revolution and his overthrow.

After abdicating in favor of his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux, Charles X fled to England and later to Scotland and Prague. He lived in exile until his death in 1836, never returning to France. His exile marked the definitive end of the senior Bourbon line's rule.

Reza Khan, a Cossack Brigade officer, led a coup that overthrew the Qajar government. He became Minister of War and later Prime Minister, using the military to consolidate power and suppress regional rebellions.

Reza Khan crowned himself Reza Shah Pahlavi, founding the Pahlavi dynasty. He replaced the Qajar dynasty and began a program of rapid modernization, centralization, and secularization of Iran.

Reza Shah oversaw the completion of the Trans-Iranian Railway, connecting the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. The project was a major infrastructure achievement, facilitating trade and military transport, but was built with forced labor.

Britain and the Soviet Union invaded Iran to secure oil fields and supply routes. Reza Shah refused to expel German nationals, leading to his forced abdication in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He was exiled to South Africa.