Sher Ali Khan

Sher Ali attempted to maintain Afghan neutrality in the face of British-Russian rivalry, seeking arms and support from both sides. His policy failed as British demands for a permanent mission in Kabul escalated tensions, leading to war.

Sher Ali Khan's refusal to accept a British mission led to the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. British forces invaded Afghanistan, defeated Afghan armies at Ali Masjid and Peiwar Kotal, and forced Sher Ali to flee.

After his defeat, Sher Ali fled to Mazar-i-Sharif and then to Balkh, seeking refuge with the Russians. He died in February 1879 in Balkh, reportedly from a broken heart or illness, leaving his son Yakub Khan to negotiate a humiliating peace.

Following Sher Ali's death, his son Yakub Khan signed the Treaty of Gandamak, ceding control of Afghanistan's foreign affairs to Britain and allowing a British resident in Kabul. This treaty was a direct consequence of Sher Ali's failed policies.