Osman Mahamuud

Osman Mahamuud engaged in diplomatic and military rivalry with Yusuf Ali Kenadid, who founded the breakaway Sultanate of Hobyo. This conflict weakened the Majeerteen Sultanate and facilitated Italian colonial penetration.

Osman Mahamuud led the Majeerteen Sultanate in armed resistance against Italian colonial forces attempting to establish control over the northeastern Somali coast. His forces engaged in multiple battles to defend sovereignty.

Osman Mahamuud signed a protectorate agreement with Italy, formally placing the Majeerteen Sultanate under Italian colonial rule. This ended his sultanate's independence and integrated it into Italian Somaliland.