Menelik II

Menelik founded Addis Ababa as his capital, moving the imperial seat from Entoto. The city became the political and economic center of Ethiopia, and its location facilitated trade and administration.

Menelik conquered the city of Harar, a major trade center, incorporating it into the Ethiopian Empire. This expansion secured control over key trade routes and strengthened his power base before becoming emperor.

Menelik signed the Treaty of Wuchale with Italy, which ceded territory in exchange for recognition of his rule. A dispute over Article 17, which Italy claimed made Ethiopia a protectorate, later led to war.

Menelik II modernized Ethiopia by introducing railways, telegraph lines, and a postal system. He also established a modern army with imported firearms and centralized the administration, strengthening the state.

Menelik II led Ethiopian forces to a decisive victory over the Italian army at Adwa. The battle ensured Ethiopian independence and became a symbol of African resistance to colonialism, forcing Italy to recognize Ethiopian sovereignty.