Mbandzeni

Mbandzeni issued numerous land concessions to European settlers, miners, and traders, granting rights to vast areas of Swazi territory. By 1889, nearly all Swazi land was claimed by foreigners, undermining traditional land tenure.

Mbandzeni signed a convention with the British and Transvaal governments that defined Swaziland's borders and recognized its independence. However, the agreement failed to protect Swazi sovereignty from increasing European pressure.

Mbandzeni agreed to the creation of a commission to adjudicate land disputes between Swazis and European concessionaires. This body later became a tool for colonial control, as it often ruled in favor of settlers.