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Last khagan of the Mongols, fought Manchu.
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Ligdan Khan fought against the rising Manchu under Nurhaci, seeking to defend Mongol independence. His campaigns were unsuccessful, and he was forced to retreat, weakening his position.
Ligdan Khan allied with the Ming dynasty against the Manchu, receiving subsidies and support. This alliance failed to stop Manchu expansion and alienated some Mongol tribes who favored the Manchu.
Ligdan Khan died, marking the end of the Mongol khaganate. His death allowed the Manchu to consolidate control over Mongolia, leading to the incorporation of Mongolia into the Qing dynasty.
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