Ku Hung-ming

Ku Hung-ming translated the Analects of Confucius and other classics into English, making them accessible to Western readers. His translations were praised for their literary quality and fidelity.

After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Ku Hung-ming refused to cut his queue, a symbol of Manchu rule. He wore it as a statement of cultural loyalty, becoming a symbol of resistance to Westernization.

Ku Hung-ming published 'The Spirit of the Chinese People' in English, defending Confucian values against Western criticism. The book gained international attention and influenced Western perceptions of China.

Ku Hung-ming taught English literature and Confucian philosophy at Peking University. His lectures attracted students and intellectuals, though his conservative views sparked debate.