Justinian II

Justinian II became emperor at age 16 and ruled until 695. His harsh rule and heavy taxation led to a rebellion that deposed him. He was exiled to Cherson in the Crimea, and his nose was slit (hence 'Rhinotmetos'), a mutilation intended to prevent him from reclaiming the throne.

Justinian II returned from exile with the help of the Bulgar Khan Tervel. He marched on Constantinople, captured the city, and regained the throne. He executed his rivals and ruled with even greater brutality, becoming the first Byzantine emperor to regain power after deposition.

After regaining the throne, Justinian II launched a brutal purge of his enemies. He executed the former emperors Leontius and Tiberius III, along with many senators and officials. His reign of terror alienated the aristocracy and military, leading to widespread opposition.

Justinian II led a campaign against the Bulgars but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Anchialus. The Byzantine army was routed, and Justinian barely escaped. This defeat weakened the empire's position in the Balkans and emboldened the Bulgars.

Justinian II was overthrown in a rebellion led by Philippicus Bardanes. He was captured and executed along with his young son Tiberius, ending the Heraclian dynasty. His death marked the end of a turbulent period of Byzantine history.