Islam II Giray

Islam II Giray implemented reforms to modernize the Crimean army. He introduced new firearms, including muskets and cannons, and reorganized the military structure. These reforms aimed to reduce reliance on traditional cavalry and improve the khanate's defensive capabilities.

Islam II Giray resisted Ottoman attempts to control Crimean foreign policy. He refused to participate in Ottoman campaigns against Persia and sought greater independence. This led to tensions with the Sublime Porte, though open conflict was avoided.

Islam II Giray led a military campaign into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The raid targeted the southern borderlands, capturing slaves and plundering settlements. This was part of the ongoing pattern of Crimean raids for economic gain.