Injo of Joseon

General Yi Gwal, angered by his removal from command, led a rebellion that captured Hanseong (Seoul). Injo fled to Gongju. The rebellion was suppressed within weeks, but it weakened Joseon's military and exposed internal divisions.

After the Qing invasion of Joseon, King Injo surrendered to Hong Taiji at Samjeondo. He performed the three kneelings and nine prostrations, acknowledging Qing suzerainty. This ended Joseon's allegiance to the Ming dynasty and forced Joseon to become a Qing tributary state.

Crown Prince Sohyeon, who had been a hostage in Qing and returned with progressive ideas, died under suspicious circumstances. Injo ordered the execution of the prince's wife and the exile of his children, eliminating a potential rival and reformist faction.