Heraclius II of Georgia

Heraclius II centralized administration, modernized the army, and promoted agriculture and trade. These reforms strengthened his kingdom but could not prevent eventual Russian annexation.

Heraclius II signed a treaty with the Russian Empire, placing the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti under Russian protection while retaining internal autonomy. This aimed to defend against Persian and Ottoman threats.

Heraclius II's forces were defeated by the Persian army under Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar at Krtsanisi. The battle resulted in the sack of Tbilisi and massive destruction, weakening Georgia.