Habibullah Khan

Habibullah Khan introduced limited modern reforms, including the establishment of a military academy, a postal service, and a hydroelectric plant in Jalalabad. He also encouraged education and built roads, but faced resistance from conservative clergy.

Habibullah Khan signed a treaty with the British reaffirming the agreements of the previous reign, including British control over Afghan foreign policy. In return, Britain provided a subsidy and guaranteed non-interference in internal affairs.

During World War I, Habibullah Khan maintained Afghanistan's neutrality despite pressure from the Ottoman Empire and Germany to join the Central Powers. He resisted calls for jihad against the British, preserving stability but angering nationalists.

Habibullah Khan was assassinated while on a hunting trip in Laghman Province. The perpetrators were never definitively identified, but suspicions fell on anti-British factions or family rivals. His death triggered a succession crisis.