Habibullah Kalakani

Habibullah Kalakani, a Tajik bandit, led a force of rebels to capture Kabul from the forces of King Amanullah Khan. The city fell after a brief siege, forcing Amanullah to abdicate and flee. Kalakani declared himself Emir of Afghanistan, beginning his nine-month rule.

Mohammad Nadir Shah's forces defeated Habibullah Kalakani's army near Kabul. Kalakani fled but was captured and executed by firing squad on November 1, 1929. His brief rule ended, and the Musahiban dynasty was restored to power.

Habibullah Kalakani ruled Afghanistan from January to October 1929. His reign was marked by attempts to reverse Amanullah's reforms, including restoring conservative Islamic practices and abolishing modern education. He failed to gain broad support and faced multiple rebellions.