Gaius Marius

As consul, Marius opened military service to landless citizens, replacing the property-based levy with a volunteer army. He standardized equipment and training, creating a professional standing army loyal to commanders rather than the state.

Marius defeated the Teutones and Ambrones at Aquae Sextiae in Gaul. The Germanic tribes were annihilated, ending their invasion of Roman territory and securing Marius's reputation as a savior of Rome.

Marius, with proconsul Catulus, defeated the Cimbri at Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul. The Cimbri were destroyed, ending the Cimbrian War and securing Rome's northern frontier.

Marius served an unprecedented sixth consulship amid political turmoil. He used force to suppress the tribune Saturninus and praetor Glaucia, but later lost support and went into exile in Africa.

Marius returned from exile, allied with Cinna, and marched on Rome. He captured the city and initiated a purge of his political enemies, including the execution of consul Octavius and many senators.