Fuad Pasha

As Foreign Minister, Fuad Pasha was sent to Lebanon in 1860 to restore order after sectarian violence between Maronites and Druze. He implemented a harsh crackdown, executing dozens of Druze leaders and imposing a new administrative structure that created the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.

Fuad Pasha was appointed Grand Vizier for the first time in 1861. He had previously served as Foreign Minister and was a key architect of the Tanzimat reforms alongside Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha. His tenure focused on administrative centralization and legal modernization.

Fuad Pasha helped draft and implement the Ottoman Law of Vilayets in 1864, which reorganized provincial administration. The law created larger provinces (vilayets) with appointed governors and councils, aiming to improve governance and centralize control, though implementation was uneven.

Fuad Pasha traveled to Europe in 1867 to negotiate with European powers over Ottoman debts and reforms. He secured a loan from France and Britain and discussed the future of Crete and the Balkans, but failed to prevent increasing European intervention in Ottoman affairs.

Fuad Pasha died in 1869 while serving as Grand Vizier. His death, along with that of Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha two years later, removed the leading Tanzimat reformers from power, contributing to the slowdown of reforms in the late Ottoman Empire.