Friedrich Ebert

On November 9, 1918, Ebert was appointed Chancellor by Prince Max von Baden as the German Empire collapsed. This occurred during the November Revolution, with Ebert's Social Democratic Party seeking to establish a parliamentary republic.

Ebert made a secret agreement with General Wilhelm Groener, commander of the German Army, to suppress leftist uprisings in exchange for military support of the new government. This pact allowed the Freikorps to crush the Spartacist uprising but alienated radical workers.

On February 11, 1919, the Weimar National Assembly elected Ebert as the first President of the Weimar Republic. He served as head of state during the republic's turbulent early years, including the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

As president, Ebert oversaw the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, which imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. The treaty was deeply unpopular and contributed to political instability in the Weimar Republic.

In March 1920, Ebert's government faced the Kapp Putsch, a right-wing military coup attempt. The government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike, which paralyzed the country and forced the putschists to retreat, but the event exposed the republic's fragility.

During the hyperinflation crisis of 1923, Ebert supported Chancellor Gustav Stresemann's policies, including the introduction of the Rentenmark and the end of passive resistance in the Ruhr. These measures stabilized the economy but required harsh austerity.