Francois Duvalier

Duvalier won the presidential election amid widespread fraud and violence. He was supported by the military and used the election to legitimize his rule, beginning a 14-year dictatorship.

Duvalier created the Tonton Macoute, a paramilitary force that served as his personal security and terror apparatus. The group operated outside the law, suppressing dissent through murder, torture, and intimidation.

Duvalier expelled the Archbishop of Port-au-Prince and other foreign clergy, leading to his excommunication by the Vatican. He then promoted a cult of personality blending voodoo and Catholicism to legitimize his rule.

Duvalier amended the Haitian constitution to declare himself President for Life. This move eliminated any possibility of democratic succession and solidified his absolute control over the country.