Charles I of England

Charles I was forced to accept the Petition of Right, a parliamentary document that prohibited arbitrary imprisonment, taxation without consent, and martial law. He later ignored its provisions, deepening conflict with Parliament.

Charles I dissolved Parliament and ruled without it for 11 years, relying on prerogative taxes like ship money. This period of personal rule alienated the gentry and merchants, fueling opposition to the monarchy.

Charles I attempted to impose Anglican liturgy on Scotland, sparking the Bishops' Wars. The Scots defeated English forces, forcing Charles to recall Parliament to raise funds, leading to the Long Parliament and the English Civil War.

Charles I raised his standard at Nottingham, marking the start of the English Civil War against Parliament. The war pitted Royalists against Parliamentarians, leading to years of conflict over governance and religion.

Charles I was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in London after being convicted of treason by a parliamentary court. His execution abolished the monarchy and established the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell.