Cetshwayo kaMpande

Cetshwayo kaMpande became Zulu king in 1872 after defeating his brother Mbuyazi in the Battle of Ndondakusuka in 1856. He inherited a powerful Zulu kingdom with a strong military tradition, but faced increasing pressure from British colonial expansion in southern Africa.

Cetshwayo's Zulu army achieved a stunning victory over British forces at the Battle of Isandlwana on January 22, 1879, killing over 1,300 British and colonial troops. This was the worst defeat of the British by a native force in Africa, but the Zulus suffered heavy casualties.

Cetshwayo's Zulu army was decisively defeated by British forces at the Battle of Ulundi on July 4, 1879, ending the Anglo-Zulu War. The British used a square formation and Gatling guns to break the Zulu charge, leading to the capture of Cetshwayo and the annexation of Zululand.

Cetshwayo was captured by the British in August 1879 and exiled to Cape Town, then later to London. He was allowed to return to Zululand in 1883 as a British-backed king, but his authority was limited, and he died in 1884 amid internal conflicts.