Boniface VIII

Boniface VIII issued the bull Clericis Laicos, forbidding clergy from paying taxes to secular rulers without papal consent. King Philip IV of France retaliated by blocking the export of money from France to the papacy. This began a prolonged power struggle between pope and king.

Boniface VIII proclaimed the first Christian Jubilee year, granting plenary indulgence to pilgrims who visited Rome. The event attracted massive crowds and generated significant revenue for the Church. It established a tradition of jubilee years in Catholicism.

Pope Boniface VIII issued the bull Unam Sanctam, asserting that submission to the pope is necessary for salvation. This document claimed papal supremacy over temporal rulers, directly challenging King Philip IV of France. It became a key statement of papal authority.

Agents of King Philip IV of France, led by Guillaume de Nogaret, attacked Boniface VIII at his residence in Anagni. The pope was captured and briefly held prisoner before being freed by local supporters. The assault severely damaged papal prestige and led to Boniface's death shortly after.