As-Salih Ayyub

As-Salih Ayyub systematically purchased large numbers of Kipchak Turkic slaves (Mamluks) to form a loyal military corps. He housed them on the island of Rawda (al-Rawda al-Salihiyya). This policy created a powerful military elite that later overthrew the Ayyubids.

As-Salih Ayyub became Sultan of Egypt after deposing his uncle Al-Adil II. He seized power with the support of the Ayyubid army and established his rule in Cairo. This marked the beginning of his reign as the last Ayyubid sultan of Egypt.

As-Salih Ayyub led the defense of Egypt against the Seventh Crusade led by King Louis IX of France. The Crusaders captured Damietta in 1249. As-Salih Ayyub died of illness during the campaign, but his Mamluk forces continued the fight.

As-Salih Ayyub died in Al-Mansurah during the Seventh Crusade. His death was kept secret by his widow Shajar al-Durr and the Mamluk commander Fakhr al-Din Yussuf to maintain morale. This led to a succession crisis and the eventual rise of the Mamluks.