Anselm of Canterbury

Anselm was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by King William II Rufus. This appointment initiated a long conflict with the English monarchy over church independence and the investiture of bishops.

Anselm went into voluntary exile after King William II refused to recognize Pope Urban II's authority and demanded Anselm's submission. Anselm remained in Italy until William's death in 1100.

Anselm completed his theological work 'Cur Deus Homo' (Why God Became Man) during his exile. This treatise developed the satisfaction theory of atonement, arguing that Christ's death was necessary to satisfy God's justice.

Anselm went into exile again after King Henry I refused to give up the right to invest bishops. Anselm returned only after a compromise was reached in 1107, separating spiritual and temporal investiture.

Anselm and King Henry I reached a compromise at the Concordat of London. The king gave up the right to invest bishops with ring and staff, but retained the right to receive homage before consecration.