Amalric I of Jerusalem

Amalric I launched an invasion of Fatimid Egypt, aiming to exploit internal divisions. He captured the city of Bilbeis but was forced to withdraw after Nur ad-Din sent reinforcements. This began a series of campaigns for control of Egypt.

Amalric I succeeded his brother Baldwin III as King of Jerusalem. He inherited a kingdom facing threats from Nur ad-Din Zengi and the Fatimid Caliphate, and immediately began planning campaigns to expand crusader influence.

Amalric I negotiated an alliance with Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, agreeing to a joint campaign against Egypt. The alliance included a marriage between Amalric and Maria Komnene, and promised Byzantine naval support.

Amalric I and Byzantine forces launched a joint siege of Damietta in Egypt. The campaign failed due to poor coordination, supply issues, and the arrival of Nur ad-Din's army. This defeat ended crusader hopes of conquering Egypt.

Amalric I died of dysentery at age 38, leaving his young son Baldwin IV as heir. His death weakened the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as it faced the rising power of Saladin, who had united Egypt and Syria.