
Caliph during the First Crusade.
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Al-Mustazhir was caliph when the First Crusade began. The crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099. The caliphate, under Seljuk domination, did not directly confront the crusaders, but the event marked a shift in regional power dynamics.
Al-Mustazhir faced a rebellion by the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad I, who besieged Baghdad. The caliph was forced to accept Muhammad's authority and pay tribute, further reducing caliphal independence.
Al-Mustazhir's vizier, Amid al-Dawla, was assassinated by the Seljuk faction. This event demonstrated the caliph's inability to protect his own officials and the extent of Seljuk control over the caliphal administration.
See how Al-Mustazhir stacks up against other historical figures