
Saudi king who began cautious reforms.
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Following a wave of al-Qaeda attacks in Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah (then Crown Prince) launched a comprehensive counter-terrorism campaign involving security crackdowns, ideological rehabilitation programs, and international cooperation. The campaign significantly reduced terrorist activity in the kingdom.
Abdullah became King of Saudi Arabia after the death of King Fahd. His reign was characterized by cautious social and economic reforms, including efforts to modernize the education system and increase women's participation in public life.
King Abdullah established KAUST as a world-class graduate research university in Thuwal. The university was designed to promote scientific research and innovation, with a co-educational campus and international faculty, representing a significant investment in education.
King Abdullah announced that women would be granted the right to vote and run in municipal elections, and would be appointed to the Shura Council. This was a landmark reform in Saudi Arabia, though implementation was gradual and faced conservative opposition.
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