Martinianus vs Setnakhte

Martinianus commanded Licinius's fleet at the Battle of the Hellespont against Constantine's forces. Constantine's son Crispus defeated the fleet, forcing Martinianus to flee and contributing to Licinius's overall defeat.

During the final civil war against Constantine I, Licinius appointed Martinianus as his co-emperor (Augustus) to bolster his legitimacy and command. This was a last-minute move as Licinius's position deteriorated.

After Licinius surrendered and was initially spared, Constantine ordered the execution of Martinianus. The execution eliminated a potential rival and secured Constantine's sole rule over the Roman Empire.

Setnakhte seized power after the chaotic end of Dynasty XIX, likely through military force. He established himself as the first pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty. His reign brought stability after the civil wars and usurpations that had plagued Egypt under Twosret and Siptah.

Setnakhte undertook efforts to restore central authority and repair damage from the preceding period. He ordered the restoration of temples and the reassertion of royal control over the priesthood. His reign was short but provided a foundation for his son Ramesses III.

Setnakhte appropriated the tomb of Twosret (KV14) in the Valley of the Kings for his own burial. He enlarged and redecorated it, erasing her name and replacing it with his own. This act symbolized the rejection of the previous dynasty and the consolidation of his rule.