Mahmud I vs Victor Emmanuel II

Mahmud I ordered the execution of Patrona Halil and his followers, ending the revolt that had overthrown Ahmed III. He restored order by executing the rebel leaders and placating the Janissaries, stabilizing the empire after the Tulip Era crisis.

Mahmud I's empire fought a war with Russia and Austria. The Ottoman army successfully defended Ochakov against Russian attacks in 1737, but the war ended with the Treaty of Ni

Mahmud I signed the Treaty of Belgrade with the Habsburgs, ending the Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735-1739). The treaty returned Belgrade and northern Serbia to the Ottomans, a rare territorial gain in the 18th century.

Mahmud I attempted to reform the Janissary corps by introducing new training and equipment, including modern firearms. However, the reforms were limited due to Janissary resistance, and the corps remained a conservative force.

After the Treaty of Belgrade, Mahmud I's reign entered a period of peace. He focused on rebuilding the economy and infrastructure, repairing mosques and fortifications. This stability allowed the empire to recover from the Tulip Era's excesses.

As King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II retained the Statuto Albertino, a constitution granted by his father. This constitution became the legal foundation of the Kingdom of Italy, establishing a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system.

Victor Emmanuel II sent Sardinian troops to fight alongside France and Britain in the Crimean War. This participation elevated Sardinia's diplomatic standing, leading to French support for Italian unification in the subsequent Plombi

Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy by the first Italian Parliament in Turin. This event formally unified most of the Italian peninsula under the House of Savoy, with the exception of Venetia and Rome, marking the birth of the Kingdom of Italy.

Following the Austro-Prussian War, Italy, allied with Prussia, annexed Venetia from Austria. Victor Emmanuel II's forces suffered defeats on land but gained the territory through the Treaty of Vienna, completing a key step in unification.

Italian troops under Victor Emmanuel II breached the Porta Pia in Rome, completing the unification of Italy. The Papal States were annexed, and Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, ending the temporal power of the Pope.

Victor Emmanuel II died in Rome, having unified Italy under his rule. His death marked the end of the founding era of the Kingdom of Italy, and he was buried in the Pantheon, becoming a symbol of Italian unification.