Khalid of Saudi Arabia vs Leopold II of Austria

Following the assassination of King Faisal, Khalid became King of Saudi Arabia. His reign was marked by continuity of Faisal's policies but with a more cautious approach to reform, focusing on stability and religious conservatism.

During King Khalid's reign, Juhayman al-Otaybi and his followers seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca, holding hundreds of pilgrims hostage. The Saudi military, with French assistance, recaptured the mosque after a two-week siege, resulting in hundreds of deaths.

The Iranian Revolution and the Grand Mosque seizure led to a second oil price shock during Khalid's reign. Saudi Arabia increased oil production to stabilize markets, demonstrating its role as a swing producer in OPEC.

Leopold II sent Austrian troops to suppress the United Belgian States, which had declared independence from Habsburg rule in 1789. The revolt was crushed by December 1790, re-establishing Austrian control over the Southern Netherlands.

Upon becoming emperor, Leopold II reversed many of his brother Joseph II's radical reforms to pacify the nobility and clergy. He restored the privileges of the Estates and repealed the Edict of Toleration in some areas, stabilizing the Habsburg monarchy after years of unrest.

Leopold II and King Frederick William II of Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, stating that the situation of the French royal family was a matter of common interest to all European sovereigns. This declaration was interpreted as a threat of intervention against the French Revolution.

Leopold II ended the Austro-Turkish War with the Treaty of Sistova, which restored the pre-war status quo. Austria gained only the small town of Or