Hsinbyushin vs Leopold II of Austria

Hsinbyushin launched a massive two-pronged invasion of Siam from the north and west. The campaign aimed to subjugate the Siamese kingdom and was the largest military operation of the Konbaung dynasty, involving over 50,000 troops.

Hsinbyushin's armies captured and completely destroyed the Siamese capital of Ayutthaya after a 14-month siege. The city was burned, its treasures looted, and thousands of captives were taken to Burma. This ended the Ayutthaya kingdom.

Hsinbyushin's forces defeated a Chinese invasion army at Kaungton in northern Burma. The Qing dynasty had launched a punitive expedition to stop Burmese expansion into Siam. The Burmese victory repelled the Chinese and secured the northern border.

Hsinbyushin crushed a major rebellion by the Mon people in Lower Burma. The Mon had risen up against Konbaung rule, seeking independence. The rebellion was brutally suppressed, leading to further depopulation and destruction in the region.

Leopold II sent Austrian troops to suppress the United Belgian States, which had declared independence from Habsburg rule in 1789. The revolt was crushed by December 1790, re-establishing Austrian control over the Southern Netherlands.

Upon becoming emperor, Leopold II reversed many of his brother Joseph II's radical reforms to pacify the nobility and clergy. He restored the privileges of the Estates and repealed the Edict of Toleration in some areas, stabilizing the Habsburg monarchy after years of unrest.

Leopold II and King Frederick William II of Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, stating that the situation of the French royal family was a matter of common interest to all European sovereigns. This declaration was interpreted as a threat of intervention against the French Revolution.

Leopold II ended the Austro-Turkish War with the Treaty of Sistova, which restored the pre-war status quo. Austria gained only the small town of Or