Iskander Mirza vs Viktor Orban

Iskander Mirza became the first President of Pakistan on March 23, 1956, when the country adopted its first constitution. He had previously served as the last Governor-General. His presidency was marked by political instability and factional infighting.

On October 7, 1958, Iskander Mirza abrogated the constitution, dissolved the government, and imposed martial law, appointing General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator. This ended Pakistan's first parliamentary experiment.

Within weeks of imposing martial law, Iskander Mirza was forced into exile by Ayub Khan on October 27, 1958. Ayub Khan took over as President, and Mirza lived the rest of his life in London, never returning to Pakistan.

Orban was a founding member of Fidesz, initially a liberal student movement opposing the communist regime. The party later shifted to a right-wing nationalist platform under his leadership.

Orban became Prime Minister of Hungary at age 35, leading a center-right coalition government from 1998 to 2002. His government pursued economic reforms and closer ties with NATO.

Orban returned to power with a supermajority, enabling his government to pass a new constitution in 2011. Critics argued it concentrated power in the executive and weakened checks and balances.

Orban's government passed a media law that established a new authority with power to fine outlets for content deemed unbalanced. The law was criticized by the EU and press freedom groups as restricting media independence.

During the European migrant crisis, Orban ordered the construction of a border fence with Serbia and implemented strict anti-immigration policies. This stance defined his nationalist agenda and drew both domestic support and international criticism.

The European Parliament triggered Article 7 proceedings against Hungary over concerns about rule of law, corruption, and democratic backsliding. Orban's government faced ongoing tensions with EU institutions.