Isabella II of Spain vs Joseph Bonaparte

The First Carlist War broke out between the Isabelline forces (liberals) and the Carlists (absolutists). The war lasted until 1840 and ended with the defeat of the Carlists, but left Spain politically divided.

Isabella II became Queen of Spain at age three after the death of her father Ferdinand VII. Her minority sparked the First Carlist War between supporters of Isabella and those of her uncle Carlos.

Isabella II was declared of age at 13, ending the regency of General Espartero. Her personal rule was marked by instability, with frequent changes of government and military interventions.

The Glorious Revolution (La Gloriosa) overthrew Isabella II, who fled to France. The revolution ended the Bourbon monarchy and led to the Sexenio Democr

Spanish forces defeated a French army at Bail

Joseph Bonaparte issued the Bayonne Constitution, a liberal charter that introduced reforms such as freedom of the press and abolition of the Inquisition. The constitution was rejected by most Spaniards as imposed by a foreign ruler.

Napoleon appointed his brother Joseph as King of Spain after the abdication of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII. Joseph's rule was opposed by the Spanish populace and led to the Peninsular War.

After the French defeat at the Battle of Vitoria, Joseph Bonaparte abdicated the Spanish throne and fled to France. He later lived in exile in the United States and Italy, never regaining power.