Gangjong of Goryeo vs Kebek

Gangjong became king after his brother Huijong was deposed by Choe Chung-heon. His reign coincided with the first Mongol invasions of Goryeo, though he had no authority to direct military policy.

Like his predecessors, Gangjong was a puppet king under the Choe military dictatorship. All major decisions, including responses to the Mongol threat, were made by Choe Chung-heon and his private army.

Gangjong died in 1213, just as Mongol forces under Genghis Khan began their first major campaign against Goryeo. His brief reign of two years saw no significant policy changes, and the Choe regime continued to dominate.

Kebek became Khan of the Chagatai Khanate in 1309, succeeding his brother Esen Buqa I. His reign focused on administrative and economic reforms, moving the khanate toward greater stability and centralization.

Kebek introduced a standardized silver coinage system across the Chagatai Khanate, replacing the diverse local currencies. The coins, known as 'Kebek dirhams,' facilitated trade and tax collection, strengthening the khanate's economy.

Kebek reorganized the Chagatai Khanate's administration, dividing it into provinces (tumens) governed by appointed officials. He also established a centralized tax system and a postal relay network, improving governance and communication.

Kebek's forces were defeated by the Yuan dynasty in a border conflict in 1314. The loss forced him to pay tribute to the Yuan, acknowledging their supremacy and ending Kebek's expansionist ambitions in the east.