Ferdinand I of Romania vs Sawai Jai Singh II

Ferdinand I became King of Romania on October 10, 1914, following the death of his uncle, King Carol I. He inherited a kingdom at a critical moment, as World War I had just begun, and Romania was initially neutral.

Ferdinand I signed the Treaty of Bucharest with the Allies on August 17, 1916, committing Romania to enter World War I on their side. Romania declared war on Austria-Hungary on August 27, 1916, aiming to annex Transylvania.

Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia proclaimed the union of Transylvania with Romania on December 1, 1918. Ferdinand I ratified this union, fulfilling a key national goal and greatly expanding Romania's territory.

Ferdinand I signed the Agrarian Reform Law of 1921, which expropriated large estates and redistributed land to peasants. This reform aimed to address rural poverty and create a stable class of small landowners, but it also weakened the traditional aristocracy.

Ferdinand I and Queen Marie were crowned in a grand ceremony at Alba Iulia on October 15, 1922, symbolizing the unification of all Romanian provinces. The coronation affirmed the creation of Greater Romania after World War I.

Sawai Jai Singh II founded the planned city of Jaipur, designed by architect Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. The city was built according to Vastu Shastra and became a major center of trade and culture.

Jai Singh II constructed five astronomical observatories called Jantar Mantar in Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura, and Varanasi. These instruments were used to measure time, track celestial bodies, and update astronomical tables.

Jai Singh II led campaigns against the Marathas and Jats to protect his kingdom. He successfully defended Jaipur from Maratha raids but was forced to pay tribute to the Marathas later.

Jai Singh II compiled a new set of astronomical tables, the Zij-i Muhammad Shahi, based on his observations. This work corrected errors in earlier Islamic and Hindu astronomical texts.