Charles XIII of Sweden vs Frederick Augustus I of Saxony

Charles XIII, as regent and later king, oversaw the conclusion of the Finnish War against Russia. The Treaty of Fredrikshamn ceded Finland to Russia, ending centuries of Swedish rule over the region.

Charles XIII was crowned King of Sweden after the deposition of Gustav IV Adolf. His coronation followed the adoption of the 1809 constitution, which established a balance of power between the king and the Riksdag.

Charles XIII, having no legitimate heirs, adopted the French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte as his successor. Bernadotte became Crown Prince Charles John and effectively ruled Sweden, founding the Bernadotte dynasty.

Charles XIII, under the influence of Crown Prince Charles John, accepted the Treaty of Kiel and the Convention of Moss, which forced Norway into a personal union with Sweden. Charles XIII became King of Norway as Charles II.

Charles XIII died in Stockholm at age 69. His death ended the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty's rule in Sweden, as he was succeeded by his adopted son, Charles XIV John (Bernadotte).

Frederick Augustus I allied Saxony with Napoleon, contributing troops to the French campaigns. Saxon forces fought in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (1806) and later in the invasion of Russia (1812), suffering heavy losses.

Frederick Augustus I was elevated from Elector to King of Saxony by Napoleon Bonaparte after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. He became a key ally of Napoleon, joining the Confederation of the Rhine.

Frederick Augustus I remained loyal to Napoleon during the Battle of Leipzig (1813), where Saxon troops initially fought for the French but later defected to the Allies. After the battle, he was captured by the Allies and Saxony was occupied.

At the Congress of Vienna, Frederick Augustus I was forced to cede over half of Saxony's territory to Prussia, including the province of Saxony. He retained the title of King but ruled a significantly reduced state.