Cao Shen vs Pharnabazus II

After Xiao He's death, Cao Shen succeeded him as chancellor of the Han dynasty. He continued Xiao He's policies without alteration, following the principle of 'non-action' (wu wei) in governance.

Cao Shen maintained the legal and administrative framework established by Xiao He, avoiding new initiatives. He selected officials who were simple and honest, and dismissed those who were overly ambitious. This policy of non-interference allowed the Han economy to recover from war.

Cao Shen was known for his daily drinking and apparent lack of activity as chancellor. When criticized, he argued that he was simply following the superior precedents set by Xiao He, and that any changes would be harmful. This approach became a famous example of Daoist-inspired governance.

Pharnabazus II succeeded his father as satrap of Dascylium (Hellespontine Phrygia). He governed this strategic region during the Peloponnesian War, using its resources to influence Greek affairs.

Pharnabazus II allied with Sparta during the Peloponnesian War, providing financial and naval support to the Spartans against Athens. This alliance helped Sparta build a fleet that challenged Athenian naval dominance.

Pharnabazus II fought against Athenian forces in the Hellespont region, including the Battle of Cyzicus in 410 BC where the Athenian fleet defeated the Spartan-Persian fleet. This setback weakened Persian influence temporarily.

After the Peloponnesian War, Pharnabazus II shifted Persian policy, supporting Athens against Sparta to prevent Spartan hegemony. He provided funds to the Athenian general Conon, helping rebuild the Athenian fleet.