Amr ibn al-As vs Ma Chao

Amr ibn al-As led the Muslim Arab army into Egypt, then a province of the Byzantine Empire. He defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Heliopolis and captured the fortress of Babylon, leading to the surrender of Alexandria in 642.

Amr ibn al-As established the city of Fustat near the Nile Delta as the new capital of Muslim Egypt. The city became a major administrative and commercial center, later evolving into modern Cairo.

After the conquest, Amr ibn al-As was appointed governor of Egypt by Caliph Umar. He administered the province, implemented tax systems, and oversaw the construction of the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As, the first mosque in Africa.

Ma Chao, allied with Qiang and Hu tribes, led a rebellion against Cao Cao in Liang Province. He captured the city of Chang'an and threatened Cao Cao's western flank, forcing Cao Cao to personally lead a campaign against him.

Cao Cao's army faced Ma Chao's coalition at Tong Pass. Ma Chao's cavalry repeatedly charged Cao Cao's forces, nearly killing Cao Cao himself. However, Cao Cao used a feint to cross the Yellow River and outflank Ma Chao, forcing him to retreat.

After his defeat by Cao Cao, Ma Chao fled to Hanzhong and sought refuge with the warlord Zhang Lu. Zhang Lu gave him command of troops but grew suspicious of him, leading Ma Chao to eventually leave and join Liu Bei.

Ma Chao surrendered to Liu Bei and was given command of troops. He played a key role in Liu Bei's conquest of Yi Province, and later was appointed General of the Vanguard. He was enfeoffed as Marquis of Taitai.