Amar Singh I vs Shehu of Borno

Following his father Maharana Pratap's death, Amar Singh I continued the guerrilla warfare against the Mughals. He refused to submit to Akbar and later Jahangir, maintaining Mewar's independence for over a decade.

Amar Singh I fought the Mughal army under Jahangir at Dewar. Though initially successful, the prolonged conflict exhausted Mewar's resources, leading to eventual negotiations.

After years of conflict, Amar Singh I submitted to Mughal Emperor Jahangir. He agreed to send his son Karan Singh as a hostage and provide military service, ending Mewar's resistance. In return, Jahangir recognized Mewar's autonomy.

Shehu of Borno ascended to the throne of the Bornu Empire, succeeding previous rulers. He inherited a state that had been revitalized by al-Kanemi but faced internal divisions and external threats from the Sokoto Caliphate and Wadai Empire.

Shehu of Borno led military campaigns against the Wadai Empire, which was encroaching on Borno's eastern territories. The conflict resulted in territorial losses for Borno and weakened its regional influence. The wars drained resources and contributed to Borno's decline.

Facing internal rebellion and external pressure, Shehu of Borno accepted tributary status under the Sokoto Caliphate. This act ended Borno's independence and integrated it into the Sokoto sphere of influence. The decision was controversial among Kanuri nobles.