Alexander I of Russia vs Milan I of Serbia

Alexander I ascended the throne after the assassination of his father, Paul I. He was aware of the conspiracy but did not prevent it. His accession was greeted with relief by the nobility, who hoped for a return to the liberal policies of Catherine the Great.

Alexander I led Russia during Napoleon's invasion. The Russian army retreated, employing scorched-earth tactics, and then defeated the French at the Battle of Borodino. Napoleon's Grand Army was destroyed during the winter retreat from Moscow. This victory made Alexander a key figure in European politics.

Alexander I played a leading role at the Congress of Vienna, which redrew the map of Europe after Napoleon's defeat. He advocated for the creation of the Holy Alliance and secured Russian control over Poland as a constitutional kingdom. The congress established a balance of power that lasted for decades.

Alexander I initiated the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia, a pact based on Christian principles to maintain peace and suppress revolutions. The alliance became a tool for reactionary policies across Europe, intervening in uprisings in Italy and Spain. It reflected Alexander's growing mysticism and conservatism.

Alexander I granted a liberal constitution to the Kingdom of Poland, which he created as a personal union with Russia. The constitution established a parliament, civil liberties, and a separate army. However, Alexander later violated its provisions, leading to Polish discontent and eventual uprisings.

Alexander I died suddenly in Taganrog under unclear circumstances, leading to rumors that he had faked his death to become a hermit. The legend of Feodor Kuzmich, a holy man who appeared in Siberia and was believed to be Alexander, persisted for decades. His death triggered the Decembrist Revolt.

Milan Obrenovic became Prince of Serbia in June 1868 at age 14 after the assassination of his cousin Mihailo. A regency ruled until he came of age in 1872.

Milan I proclaimed Serbia a kingdom and himself as king in March 1882, elevating the principality to a kingdom. This act was recognized by the great powers and increased Serbia's international status.

Milan I declared war on Bulgaria in November 1885, but Serbian forces were defeated at the Battle of Slivnitsa. The war ended with a peace treaty mediated by Austria-Hungary, resulting in no territorial changes.

Milan I abdicated the Serbian throne in March 1889 in favor of his son Alexander. He went into exile, partly due to political pressure and personal scandals.