Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan vs Eumenes II

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan commissioned the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. The Islamic shrine was built on the Temple Mount, becoming a landmark of early Islamic architecture and a symbol of Umayyad power.

Abd al-Malik's general al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf defeated the Zubayrid forces in Mecca, killing Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. This ended the Second Fitna and reunified the Umayyad Caliphate under Abd al-Malik's rule.

Abd al-Malik replaced Greek and Persian with Arabic as the official language of the Umayyad administration. He also introduced a standardized Islamic coinage, replacing Byzantine and Sasanian currencies, unifying the empire's fiscal system.

Eumenes II fought alongside the Roman army under Scipio Asiaticus against Antiochus III at the Battle of Magnesia. His cavalry charge on the Seleucid left flank contributed to the decisive Roman victory that ended the Roman-Seleucid War.

Eumenes II negotiated the Treaty of Apamea with the Roman Republic after the Roman victory over Antiochus III. The treaty granted Pergamon control over most of the former Seleucid territories in Asia Minor, making Pergamon the dominant power in the region.

Eumenes II fought a war against Prusias I of Bithynia, who was allied with the Galatians. The conflict ended with a Roman-mediated peace that confirmed Pergamon's territorial gains but strained relations with Rome.

Eumenes II commissioned the construction of the Great Altar of Zeus in Pergamon. The altar, adorned with a monumental frieze depicting the Gigantomachy, became a masterpiece of Hellenistic art and a symbol of Pergamene power and cultural achievement.