Wang Anshi

As chief councilor, Wang Anshi enacted the New Policies, a series of reforms including the Green Shoots Act (state loans to peasants), tax reform, and military reorganization. These aimed to reduce inequality and strengthen the state, but faced fierce opposition.

Wang Anshi introduced the baojia system, a community-based mutual surveillance and militia organization. Every ten households formed a unit responsible for local defense and tax collection. This system aimed to improve local governance and military readiness.

Wang Anshi reformed the civil service examinations to emphasize practical policy analysis over literary composition. He abolished the poetry section and introduced questions on statecraft. This aimed to produce more competent officials but alienated traditional scholars.

Facing intense opposition from conservative officials led by Sima Guang, Wang Anshi was forced to resign as chief councilor. He retired to his hometown, but his reforms were gradually dismantled after his departure, leading to a return to previous policies.

After Wang Anshi's death, his reforms became a subject of enduring ideological debate. Later reformers and historians reevaluated his policies, with some praising his vision and others blaming him for instability. His legacy influenced later Chinese statecraft.