Tissaphernes

Tissaphernes was appointed satrap of Lydia and Caria, a key position in western Anatolia. He controlled the wealthy region of Sardis and managed Persian relations with Greek city-states.

Tissaphernes negotiated a treaty with Sparta during the Peloponnesian War, offering Persian financial support in exchange for Spartan recognition of Persian claims over Greek cities in Asia Minor. This treaty shifted the balance of power.

Tissaphernes opposed Cyrus the Younger's rebellion against Artaxerxes II. After Cyrus's defeat at Cunaxa, Tissaphernes captured and executed Greek mercenary leaders, including Clearchus, through treachery.

Tissaphernes fought against Spartan forces under King Agesilaus II in Asia Minor. He was defeated in several engagements, including the Battle of Sardis in 395 BC, which weakened Persian control.

Tissaphernes was executed by Tithraustes, an agent of Artaxerxes II, at Colossae. The execution was ordered due to Tissaphernes's failures against Sparta and suspected disloyalty.